Big Data Meets Tiny Storage! | Britannica Blog

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Data can be a drag. Whether you work in weather, satellite surveillance, astronomy, or particle physics, data is stacking up. Even as hard disks get larger and cheaper, some say DNA, the information reservoir of life, could offer a dramatically better storage mechanism.

Because DNA contains four letters—A, C, G, and T—a five-letter string can encode everything we need for written communication. Courtesy The Why Files

In a study published online in Nature in January 2013, information scientists demonstrated what they called a practical mechanism for encoding computer data in artificial DNA and reading it with perfect accuracy at the other end.

First author Nick Goldman, at the European Bioinformatics Institute in the United Kingdom, says that in genetics, like many other fields, “storage is a real problem. Databases are growing exponentially, but budgets sadly aren’t.”

A computer can store every letter, number, and punctuation mark on our keyboards in one “byte” (a string of eight ones or zeroes). Likewise, the four “bases” of DNA (labeled C, G, A, and T) can be converted into a biological code to convey the same information as natural language.

In biology, a three-letter string of DNA codes for a single amino acid, the building blocks of proteins.

Theoretically, a string of five DNA bases could carry 1,024 distinct meanings, but because placing identical bases side by side raises the chance of errors during artificial synthesis, Goldman’s five-base string had considerably lower, but still formidable, capacity.

Nick Goldman of the European Bioinformatics Institute holds a test tube containing half a gram of DNA, which could store about a billion megabytes, or the information on half a million compact disks. Courtesy The Why Files/Photo: European Bioinformatics Institute, Nick Goldman

By translating digital data into this DNA code, Goldman and company created a 739-kilobyte cache containing one photo, all 154 Shakespearean sonnets, audio from Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech, and a pdf of the 1953 journal article that unveiled the structure of DNA.

After each byte of data was converted into a five-base string of DNA, a machine in California squirted out more than 150,000 strings of DNA holding the encoded data. The DNA then flew across the globe via Fed-Ex to Europe, no cooling needed.

Super string theory

Instead of making one giant molecule, the synthesizer created strings with 117 bases. Each string contained data (that series of five letters), and an “index” section to position that data in the output.

Goldman says the coding process could be used to store any digital information from a computer. “DNA has a very dense rate of information storage; it’s light and small, and our coding scheme could be used for a zettabyte—a million million gigabytes, which is pretty much the total amount of digital information estimated to be around today.”

When costs come down, a new scheme for computer coding data in DNA could store astonishing amounts of data.

This magnetic tape system, which replaces hard disks with low-cost, energy efficient tapes, can store up to 37 million billion bytes of science data—equal to the amount of pirated music and videos that can be held on 321,900 iPod Classics. When a user requests data, the robot finds the cartridge and mounts it in a tape drive, typically within 90 seconds. Courtesy The Why Files/Photo: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

However, as Goldman admits, this “would be breathtakingly expensive right now,” due largely to the cost of synthesizing DNA. But he says that cost has fallen 100-fold over a decade, and an equal drop in the next decade could make the technique competitive with other storage technologies, allowing data to be stored for 50 years.

To avoid crashes, hard disks generally spin full-time, sucking up electricity. Magnetic tapes are used for larger amounts of data, and although the tapes are usually idle, they need periodic rewriting and are clumsy to handle.

If the cost of DNA synthesis continues to fall, “there must be some point in time when it is cheaper to store information in DNA than in something that requires electricity or other maintenance costs,” says Goldman. “A great property of DNA is that you don’t need electricity to store it. If it’s cold, dry and dark, DNA lasts for a very long time. We can routinely sequence woolly mammoth DNA that has been kept in those conditions for thousands of years.”

Although a group at Harvard announced data storage in DNA in fall 2012, the more recent effort introduces error correction, says coauthor Ewan Birney. “That was part of trying to think of this as a realistic technology. Error correction is ubiquitous, in hard disks, in mobile phones. In almost every circumstance, the information gets a little bit corrupted; the point is…to recover and correct.”

DNA is a data-storage glutton that long-ago became the default hard disk of life. Courtesy The Why Files/Graphic: National Library of Medicine

Because each stretch of DNA is created multiple times, it can be read multiple times during decoding. If data fails to correspond on strings that are supposed to be identical, the correct version is chosen by majority vote.

True data democracy.

So what would a Shakespeare sonnet weigh, once encoded in DNA? Less than a millionth of a millionth of a gram. Do the math: a gram of engineered DNA could hold a trillion sonnets.

Note to William S: Buy another quarto of foolscap: Now is no time for writer’s block!

– David J. Tenenbaum

Terry Devitt, editor; S.V. Medaris, designer/illustrator; Yilang Peng, project assistant; David J. Tenenbaum, feature writer; Amy Toburen, content development executive

Bibliography
1. “Towards a practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage system in synthesized DNA,” Nick Goldman et al, Nature published online 23 Jan. 2013. ↩
2. Book on tape? No, book on DNA! ↩
3. Harvard delves into DNA data storage ↩
4. A brief history of DNA storage ↩
5. Wait, what’s DNA again? ↩
6. DNA, photographed with an electron microscope ↩